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Study of a Ptolemaic armillary sphere. The central terrestrial globe (labeled Terra) is surrounded by Arctic and Antarctic circles, Cancer and Capricorn tropical circles, and the equatorial circle -- all inside a zodiac band; these in turn are set within a calibrated meridian and a horizon band on Baroque acanthus and scroll base.
Ptolemy (2nd Century A.D.), an Alexandrian astronomer believed that the earth was at the center of the universe. In the Renaissance, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), published his important treatise in which he proposed the revolutionary theory that the sun was the center of the universe. This challenged the geocentrism of Ptolemy, and was particularly controversial in the church because of its conflict with basic religious teachings.