Spanish Armada Engravings by John Pine, London: 1739
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C. Lempriere (views after) |
Set of prints, comprising a map and two views, from a larger series illustrating the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English fleet in 1588, engraved after a set of tapestries that hung for almost 200 years in the House of Lords. The engraver, John Pine, was admired in Britain as the foremost heraldic and decorative engraver of his generation. The map print comprises two pictorial battle maps depicting parts of Kent, Picardie, and Flanders, showing the fleets engaging each other in the English Channel near Calais. This corresponds to the two bird’s-eye views of the skirmishes showing the walled city of Calais and manned ships engaged in battle. The maps are engraved and printed separately from the outer hand-colored baroque border, which incorporates portraits of Queen Elizabeth I, British officers and other historical figures of the period, with decorative allegorical figures. The views are engraved and printed in blue ink with the British coat of arms superimposed in the sky, separately from the borders. The prints have their origins in a set of drawings by the British artist Robert Adams completed by 1590, illustrating the stages of the battle. These were the source material for a set of fine tapestries made for Lord Howard of Effingham, Lord High Admiral of England, who had led the English navy against the Armada. Howard sold the tapestries to King James I in 1616. They hung in the House of Lords until they were destroyed in a fire in 1834. Writing on the Library of Congress web site, scholar Hans P. Kraus noted that Pine's 1739 engravings after the tapestries are important historical documents of the stages of the battle, "as we may be sure that the designs had been examined and approved by Howard." The following inscription appears on the map print in Latin and English: "Upon the disappearance of this mighty Fleet, the following Writing was fixed up to Pasquin at Rome. The Pope from the Plenitude of his Power will grant Indulgences for a thousand Years, if any one will inform him with certainty, what is become of the Spanish Fleet, where it is gone; whether it be taken up into Heaven, sunk down into Tartarus, suspended somewhere in the Air, or floating upon some Sea." C. Lempriere was a French draftsman. A ship captain, and apparently a self-taught artist, he drew views of Jersey (in Britain) and Lisbon which were published as engravings. He also collaborated with Hubert-François Gravelot on the drawings for the 16 plates published by John Pine as The Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords (1739), depicting a 16th-century battle between the British fleet and the Spanish Armada. He also illustrated another series of naval battles engraved by W.H. Toms. Hubert-François Gravelot, a French illustrator, engraver, painter and draftsman was born Bourguignon and adopted the name Gravelot as a young man. The first 30 years of his life were unpromising, marked by episodes of irresponsible behavior and a failed business venture in what is now the Dominican Republic. Returning to Paris around 1729, he took an assortment of designing jobs. His turning point came in 1733, when he was invited to London to assist in the engraving of plates after Bernard Picart for Cérémonies Religeuses. He established himself in London, publishing a treatise on perspective, opening a school of design on the Strand, and becoming a leading caricaturist and a successful illustrator. He became a close friend of William Hogarth and helped him engrave his first plates. He was also the first to recognize Thomas Gainsborough's talent. When war broke out between France and England, the political situation forced him to return to Paris. From 1754 on, he remained there. Gravelot's works include illustrations for The Churches and Antiquities of the Earl of Gloucester, Theobold's Shakespeare, Rousseau's Nouvelle Héloise, editions of Boccaccio, Corneille, Ovid's Metamorphoses, Racine, and many more. John Pine was born in London and spent his life there. Described as a cheerful, heavy-set man, he achieved remarkable success and recognition both in his career and socially, becoming London's finest heraldic and decorative engraver and producing numerous book illustrations, including his masterpiece -- an edition of the works of Horace (1733-37) in which he engraved both the text and the exquisite illustrations. It has been said that Pine was the first black man in England to join the Masons. According to Dr. Andrew Prescott, a Masonic scholar at Sheffield University in the U.K., while some, including Pine's descendants, believe he was of Moorish ancestry, there is no clearcut evidence available at this time. However, Pine was indeed active as a freemason, responsible for engraving the annual List of Lodges from 1725 to 1741 as well as The Book of Constitutions, and the social connections resulting from his association with freemansonry brought him important commissions which advanced his career, as well as subscriptions from prominent men to underwrite his Horace project. Among his close friends was the painter William Hogarth. According to Dr. Prescott, "one of John Pine's greatest qualities was the way in which he was able to blend the artistic skills, the business sense and the sheer social networking which was necessary to be a successful artist in eighteenth-century London." Pine is listed in the British Dictionary of National Biography. Condition: Generally very good with the usual light overall toning and wear. Creases from vertical center folds, as issued. Margins slightly soiled. Wax residue on verso from former dry mounting. The maps and views have the same plate numbers because they pertain to the same event. References: Arrington, Keith. "The First Black Mason." Phylaxis Society: c. 1974-75. The Dr. Charles H. Wesley Masonic Research Society. http://www.phaohio.org/chwmrs/fbm.html (21 March 2002). Bénézit, E. Dictionnaire critique et documentaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs et Graveurs. France: Librairie Gründ, 1966. Vol. 4, pp. 400-401 (Gravelot); Vol. 5, p. 508 (Lempriere). Kraus, Hans P. "The 'Invincible' Armada, 1588." from Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division. 25 October 2005. http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/catalog/drake/drake-8-invincible.html (11 January 2006). Prescott, Andrew. "John Pine (1690-1756): Engraver and Freemason." Presented at the Canonbury Masonic Research Centre 2001 Conference: The Visual Arts and Freemasonry. Canonbury Tower, Islington, London: November 3-4, 2001. Prescott, Andrew. "Re: Question about John Pine, Mason and Engraver." E-mail to Helen Glazer. (21 March, 2002). |