The Serapeum was built into a hillside and partly underground as a place of worship of spirits of the underworld. A system of canals and rooms penetrating deep into the hill formed a site for initiation ceremonies. Hadrian’s Villa, also known as Villa Adriana, is located at Tivoli and is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The huge complex, covering some 80 hectares, was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian (AD 76-138) beginning in 117 AD as an imperial palace in the countryside away from Rome, and which eventually became his official residence. Hadrian’s Villa became a major destination for visitors on the Grand Tour in the 18th century, and wealthy foreigners purchased sculptures and other objects that had been dug up in the excavations for their art collections. The Italian government took over the site at the end of the 19th century and study and restoration continue to the present day. Pictures of the Serapeum as it appears today may be found online.<\/p>\n
Giovanni Battista Piranesi was one of the leading figures in the development of the neoclassical style in the 18th century.\u00a0 His Vedute di Roma<\/strong> depicted the great buildings of Rome, from ancient times and the Renaissance to the mid 18th century, when many were in ruins.\u00a0 Their lasting popularity is due not only to the picturesque subject matter but Piranesi\u2019s consummate artistry, command of perspective, subtle tonality, and imaginative flair.\u00a0 The Vedute<\/strong> is the largest and best known series of the prints Piranesi produced, comprising 135 plates by him and two by his son Francesco Piranesi (Hind, 5).\u00a0 Piranesi scholar John Wilton-Ely describes the Vedute<\/strong> as follows:<\/p>\n Piranesi was a multi-talented and accomplished man of the enlightenment who combined supreme artistic ability and historical scholarship with an entrepreneurial business sense.\u00a0 He was at once an artist, architect, archeologist, designer, collector, and print and antiquities dealer.\u00a0 Many consider him one of the most influential artists in the development and popularization of the neoclassical style of the late 18th century.\u00a0 According to scholar John Wilton-Ely, the distinguishing characteristics of Piranesi\u2019s early works were \u201cthe unorthodox combination of classical motifs, the manipulation of superhuman scale, the organization of powerfully receding perspectives upon diagonal axes, and the modulation of space by means of skilful lighting.\u201d\u00a0 Piranesi\u2019s work was recognized with his election as a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in England in 1757.\u00a0 He was knighted by the Pope in 1765.\u00a0 Although Piranesi composed and etched many of his works, his son Francesco (1758-1810) and studio assistants such as Vincenzo Dolcibene also etched a significant number of the prints, especially in later years.<\/p>\n Piranesi etched and published numerous folio print sets of art, architecture and archaeology of Rome and environs, that served as source material for other architects and designers.\u00a0 They were sold as souvenirs to English aristocrats on the Grand Tour in Italy or by subscription directly to British patrons.\u00a0 Among those influenced by Piranesi was the great British architect Robert Adam (1728-92), who was a colleague of Piranesi while in Rome on the Grand Tour in the 1750s.\u00a0 From the 1760s onward, Piranesi supplemented his printing business by joining the thriving trade in the restoration and sale antiquities to Grand Tour travelers.\u00a0 Piranesi’s interest in these objects went well beyond historical restoration and marketing — he also advocated emulating the creativity of the Roman designers and integrating motifs from Greek and Roman antiquities with a contemporary sensibility to produce new and strikingly original works. The British were particularly good customers, so he set up his workshop and showrooms close to the British quarter of Rome.\u00a0 After Giovanni Battista Piranesi\u2019s death in 1778, Francesco and another son, Pietro, continued to republish Piranesi prints and sell antiquities.<\/p>\n Determining the date of printing of the 135 etchings from the Vedute<\/strong> is exceedingly complicated for many reasons.\u00a0 They were published in books and sets (of various titles, not just Vedute di Roma<\/strong>) as well separately issued \u2013\u00a0 in various printing states \u2013 from about the 1740s.\u00a0 Numerous other states and posthumous editions were issued after Piranesi\u2019s death in 1778 throughout the late 18th century, and continuing in the 19th and 20th centuries.\u00a0 Wilton-Ely describes the earliest fixed date for publication of plates from Vedute<\/strong> being 1751, when 34 of the views were published by Bouchard, Rome, in another Piranesi work Le Magnificenze di Roma, <\/strong>though he notes that the Vedute <\/strong>were almost certainly earlier published in the 1740s.<\/strong>\u00a0 According to Wilton-Ely, Piranesi self-published the Vedute<\/strong> from 1760 to the time of his death in 1778.\u00a0 Historian and print expert Arthur M. Hind wrote the definitive reference book on Piranesi\u2019s views in 1922, Giovanni Battista Piranesi: A Critical Study,<\/strong> in which he painstakingly attempted to distinguish the sequence and characteristics of various states of the Vedute<\/strong>, and specific date of separate issue. Piranesi prints can also be identified by characteristic watermarks of the paper makers.\u00a0 These are illustrated by scholar Andrew Robison in an appendix to John Wilton-Ely,\u00a0Giovanni Battista Piranesi: The Complete Etchings.<\/strong><\/p>\n There were several posthumous printings of Piranesi’s views following his death in 1778. \u00a0His son, Francesco Piranesi, added two final plates to the 135 etched by his father that Francesco and his brother Pietro continued to sell in Rome until 1799. Then they left Rome and set up a business in Paris, publishing the first Paris edition from 1800 to 1807. The so-called intermediate Paris editions were published circa 1807 to 1835. Finally, the Firmin-Didot edition was published in Paris circa 1835 to 1839. Agents for the Vatican purchased the plates in 1839 for the Camera Apostolica, which at the time was the central financial office of the papal administration, and returned them to Rome to be printed by the Calcografia Camerale, a venerable Roman printing press. This printer was renamed the Regia Calcografia in 1870 and operated under that name until 1945 when it became the Calcografia Nationale. \u00a0Impressions under the imprint of Regia Calcografia from 1870 on generally have an embossed blind stamp with \u201cRegia Calcografia\u201d and central emblem of a crown surmounted by a cross. Piranesi prints published in Rome during the 19th and 20th centuries are sometimes referred to as \u201cPope\u2019s edition.\u201d<\/p>\n Full publication information: Cavaliere Piranesi delin. e. inc.<\/p>\n Full title and legend: Avanzi del Tempio del Dio Canopo nella Villa Adrianna in Tivoli. A. Nicchie e fontane che erano rinvestite di tartari. B. Volta ch’era ricoperta di mosaici bianchi, e di altri colori. Le parieti C. erano rinvestite di lastre di marmo. Il didietro di questo tempio \u00e8 circondato di conserve d’acqua e di natazioni. Da tali contrasegni crederei ch’egli dovesse appartenere al Dio Nettuno piu che ad altra Deit\u00e0. D. Due gran macigni caduti dalla Volta. Condition: Generally very good. Recently professionally cleaned and deacidified with little remaining toning and wear. Professionally backed on Japanese paper to strengthen overall and restore tear lower blank margin, extending about one-quarter inch into image; hard crease upper blank margin extending about one inch into image (sky); short tear upper margin not affecting image; all unobtrusive as to image for framing.<\/p>\n References:<\/p>\n Hind, Arthur M.\u00a0 Giovanni Battista Piranesi: A Critical Study.<\/em>\u00a0 London: Holland Press, 1922 (1978 ed.).\u00a0 Views of Rome 90.<\/p>\n “Pyramid of Cestius.”\u00a0Wikipedia.<\/em>\u00a024 January 2019. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyramid_of_Cestius (4 February 2019).<\/p>\n Sullivan, Mary Ann. “Hadrian’s Villa: the Serapeum and the Temple of Venus.” Digital Imaging Project, Bluffton University.<\/em> 2005. https:\/\/www.bluffton.edu\/homepages\/facstaff\/sullivanm\/italy\/tivoli\/hadrian%27svilla\/hadrian9.html (7 February 2019).<\/p>\n Wilton-Ely, John.\u00a0 Giovanni Battista Piranesi: The Complete Etchings. <\/em>San Francisco: Alan Wofsy Fine Arts, 1994. 2 volumes. 223.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778) View of the ruins of the Serapeum, a large nymphaeum on the grounds of Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli. The remains of the vaulted interior built into a hillside is viewed in dramatic perspective from behind two sections that the print’s legend identifies as a portion of the collapsed ceiling of the dome. The legend further speculates that its proximity to a large pool suggests that it was dedicated to the Roman god Neptune, but later scholars identified it the Sanctuary of Serapis, a Greco-Egyptian deity whose cult was disseminated throughout the Roman Empire. As is characteristic of Piranesi, the site is shown in a contemporary 18th century context, with tourists exploring the picturesque ruins, and men in ragged clothes who may be beggars. As described and pictured in Arthur M. Hind\u2019s definitive catalog of Piranesi\u2019s Vedute, this is the Edition Firmin-Didot, Paris, Hind State IV, with the number 818 upper right, and also with the prior addition of the number 66 upper right from the previous Intermediate Paris Edition.<\/p>\n Product description continues below.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":21933,"template":"","meta":{"wds_primary_product_brand":0,"wds_primary_product_cat":0,"footnotes":""},"product_brand":[],"product_cat":[4222],"product_tag":[195,1048,7048,531,7428,1766,7425,7433,7832,7427,1913,1673,1588,591,7836,1917,7833,1916,7424,543],"class_list":{"0":"post-21929","1":"product","2":"type-product","3":"status-publish","4":"has-post-thumbnail","6":"product_cat-archive-sold-art-design","7":"product_tag-18th-century","8":"product_tag-ancient","9":"product_tag-antique-print","10":"product_tag-architectural","11":"product_tag-arthur-hind","12":"product_tag-etching","13":"product_tag-giovanni-battista-piranesi","14":"product_tag-grand-tour","15":"product_tag-hadrians-villa","16":"product_tag-john-wilton-ely","17":"product_tag-piranesi","18":"product_tag-print","19":"product_tag-roma","20":"product_tag-rome","21":"product_tag-serapeum","22":"product_tag-temple","23":"product_tag-tivoli","24":"product_tag-vedute","25":"product_tag-vedute-di-roma","26":"product_tag-views","27":"post","28":"post-with-thumbnail","29":"post-with-thumbnail-large","31":"first","32":"instock","33":"product-type-simple"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/21929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/product"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/21929\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30414,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product\/21929\/revisions\/30414"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21933"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"product_brand","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_brand?post=21929"},{"taxonomy":"product_cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_cat?post=21929"},{"taxonomy":"product_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.georgeglazer.com\/wpmain\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product_tag?post=21929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n[Remains of the Temple of the Canopic God in Hadrian’s Villa in Tivoli. A. Niches and fountains that were revived by Tartars. B. Once it was covered with white mosaics, and other colors. C. The interior walls were reinvested with marble slabs. The backside of this temple is surrounded by preserves of water and swimming pools. From such combinations I would believe that it should be dedicated to the God Neptune more than to another Deity. D. Two great boulders fallen from the arch.]<\/p>\n
\nAvanzi del Tempio del Dio Canopo nella Villa Adriana in Tivoli <\/strong>
\n[Remains of the Temple of the God Canopus in Hadrian\u2019s Villa in Tivoli (Serapeum)]<\/strong>
\nfrom Vedute di Roma<\/em><\/strong>
\nWilton-Ely 223
\nHind 90 State IV
\nFirmin-Didot, Paris: 1835-1839
\nEngraving, uncolored
\n17.75 x 23 inches, plate mark
\n22.25 x 26.25 inches, overall<\/p>\n